Abstract
Effective management of underwater radiated noise (URN) is crucial for both environmental conservation and operational efficiency in maritime activities. Acoustic stealth technologies are pivotal in minimizing detection risks for submarines and surface vessels, thereby enhancing survivability and mission success. However, challenges such as inconsistent global regulations, inadequate data on noise impacts, and technological limitations in monitoring and mitigation persist. Marine spatial planning plays a vital role in integrating URN management into coastal development strategies, addressing spatial conflicts, and promoting sustainable practices. Inland spatial planning must also consider the impacts of low-frequency noise on freshwater ecosystems, highlighting the need for further research on sources, propagation, and mitigation strategies. Policy gaps include the absence of comprehensive global standards and insufficient international cooperation. Research gaps encompass understanding URN effects on diverse marine species and environments, optimizing mitigation technologies, and assessing economic trade-offs. The way forward involves fostering interdisciplinary research, advancing monitoring technologies, and enhancing public awareness to achieve sustainable URN management.
